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Assessing Community Participation in Solid Waste Management in Kisasa Zone, Kibuli, Makindye East Division; Kampala-Uganda.
(International Health Sciences University., 2014-11) Kyomuhendo, Mariam.
Back ground; Community participation in solid waste management is one of the challenges facing many urban areas worldwide as it is also seen in Africa ( Mugagga et al 2006). And as such, waste management is an issue which should be shared by every individual, community, organization or country worldwide (World Bank, 2010). In Uganda, limited participation has budded from co-ordination and collaboration problems that exist among the three stakeholders in solid waste management- the communities, the public (government) and the private sectors (NEMA, 2007). The main objective of the study was to assess community participation in solid waste management in Kisasa zone in Kibuli, Kampala. Methodology; The study was descriptive cross sectional, both qualitative and quantitative methodologies of data collection were used. Simple random sampling technique was used and Primary data was through questionnaires while secondary data was obtained through sources like books on solid waste management. A total of 100 respondents were consulted after which data was analyzed by use of SPSS version 17. Results: According to the questionnaires, respondents answered with multiple responses. According to the results, most residents 56(56%) were singles with age bracket 21-25years and atleast 30(30%) had attained up to secondary level. due to limited sites of waste disposal, majority of community members had negative attitude about solid waste disposal as this was evidenced by respondents rating of poor/very poor. However majority of respondents participated in solid waste management though majority 45(45%) stored the waste in the compound and they said they did that due to the delays in garbage collection. Most of the respondents 66(66%) had knowledge on solid waste management in Kisasa as they could clearly define and tell the importance of solid waste management. However 52(52%) were not satisfied with the collection services of which 40% stated that waste takes long at the collection site. Conclusion: According to the findings, most people had knowledge on solid waste management though a big percentage of them used polythene bags for storing their waste, however most of the respondents were not satisfied with the collection services where by majority used children to transport waste to the collection site. Recommendations: Environmentalists and health workers should focus more on giving information to the community other than them getting information from friends and family members as some information may be wrong.
Factors that Influence Utilization of Family Planning Services by Women Seen at Mbale Regional Referral Hospital Antenatal Clinic.
(International Health Sciences University., 2014-11) Lubowa, Abdallah.
Family Planning is the ability of individuals and couples to anticipate and attain their desired number of children and spacing their births (WHO, 2007). According to Lance’s Maternal Survival and Women Deliver Series, (2006/2007), Reported that access to Family Planning empowers women, reduces poverty and enhances good health. Researchers estimated that, the lives of 150,000 women could be saved each year with access to sufficient Family Planning. In addition, by increasing birth intervals to at least 24 months, the deaths of one million or more children under the age of 5 could be averted (WHO, 2006). The general objective of the study was to find out the factors influencing the utilization of family planning by women, in order to improve the service delivery in Mbale Regional Referral Hospital. The specific objectives were to establish the socio demographic characteristics, assess the level of Knowledge and attitude and, identify economic factors that hinder women of child bearing age in Mbale Regional Referral Hospital from using Family Planning methods. The research was conducted in Mbale Regional Referral Hospital in Antenatal clinic. The study was mainly descriptive in form of survey and cross sectional design. Study findings indicated that the majority of the respondents fall within the age group 26-35 years 97.5% of them were married. 70% has attained formal education, housewives were 53.3%. The respondents were found knowledgeable; they gave benefits, types of family planning and, 70% of them have used contraceptives. They have positive attitude towards family planning though 30% reported they could not use family planning because of the influence of their husbands, rumors that it can cause cancer, permanent infertility. Study finding implied that respondents, knowledgeable; they have positive attitude towards family planning factors that hinder family planning were cultural influence of having more children, husband who were sole decision makers and misconceptions. The study to Clinical practice implies that another research should be conducted on attitude and male involvement in family planning in Mbale district, to find the ground for establishing male involvement
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Towards Breast Feeding by Young Mothers in Goma Sub-county, Mukono District.
(International Health Sciences University., 2014-11) Kirabo, Joan.
Introduction: Breastfeeding has so many benefits which are not widely known by some of the young mothers in Goma sub county and in Uganda countrywide but according those that were interviewed breastfeeding is something they all practiced with pleasure plus most of them had been taught well about breastfeeding. In many of the developing countries infants are introduced to others foods like water and other liquid which expose the infants to infection and increasing the morbidity and mortality rate of infants below the age of 6 months. In Goma sub county 8.7% of the mothers started giving their infants other foods before the age of 6 months. Estimations have been made that exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life could reduce infant mortality rate by a remarkable 13%. Globally, mothers ways of mixed feeding is a big public health concern which is being fought tirelessly in Uganda. Objective: The study was aimed at assessing the knowledge, attitude and practices young mothers have towards breastfeeding in Goma Sub County so as to know if the young mothers were also breastfeeding their infants well. Method: The study population was selected using cluster sampling and the size of who took part in the study was 138 young mothers below the age of 20 who were still breastfeeding their infants. Data was collected through administration of questionnaires and face to face interviews, the data collected was analyzed to get a certain percentage out of the 138 women who took part in the study. In the study mothers were interviewed using a questionnaire which was designed to elicit information on infant feeding practices and the knowledge on breastfeeding plus attitude young mothers have. Statistical analysis was done were percentages were used to established the relationship between breastfeeding, knowledge, attitude, and practices of the young mothers . Results: Complementary feeding was also be evaluated, which is more commonly initiated around 6 months (72%). Despite the fact that 100 of mothers initiate breastfeeding and 56.5% of mothers are found to breastfeed up to 2 years out of the 138 who took part in the study, the practice of EBF for the first 6 months is high (72.5%).82.6% know that breastfeed babies are always healthier and that it protects the baby form infant illness 79.6% ,plus the baby should always be breastfeed on colostrum immediately after birth, 69.6% Their attitude was not that greatly negative but some reported saying that they did not have sufficient breast milk. 95.7% of them said breastfeeding was much easier and the community encourages it (92.8%) , though some said that their breasts would surge if they breastfed for too long. most of the mothers said that they continued breastfeeding their babies not matter what happen and when the babies got sick they all increased the frequency and did not stop breastfeeding ,100% . Conclusion: Proper breastfeeding practices had a good effect on the mothers and baby„s health as reported by the mothers. As some mothers understand the effects and importance of breastfeeding, others were less knowledgeable on the on the topic of breastfeeding plus some had different attitudes towards breast feeding for different reason which included some who feel shy to breastfeed in public (28.9%)
Assessment of Oral Health Status and Practices among Children Aged 5 to 16 Years in Kakajo Zone Two, Bukesa Parish, Kampala District.
(International Health Sciences University., 2014-11) Afayo, Samuel.
Introduction: Kakajjo zone two is a slum community found in Bukesa parish Kampala central division. It highly congested with a population predominantly composed of children and adolescents. The residents in this community are likely to be of low Social economic status. The local area does not have any dental clinics, however, dental conditions exist with in the community and this is seen by the cases reported to be received by the Drug shops and other clinics in the community, yet many other similar conditions remain concealed in the community. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the oral health status and practices of children aged 5-16 years in kakajjo zone two, Bukesa Parish Kampala Central Division. Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of 173 respondents for which 91 were females and 82 were males. These were randomly selected from kakajjo zone two. Data on oral health state and practices was collected by means of self-administered questionnaires. Results: Of all the children, 97.1% of them ate sugary snacks. All the children ate between meals. Potatoes as well as starchy snacks were eaten most between meals. More than a third (94.6%) of the children brushed their teeth. 66.5% brushed regularly, 79.2% did not brush before bed time, and 81% did not brush after eating sugary snacks. Of all the children, 83.8% of the children had not visited a dentist in the past one year. 40% of the children had decayed teeth, 22.5% had missing teeth and none of the children (0%) had filled teeth as far as the DMF-T criteria is concerned. 24.9% of the children presented with caliculus. No other oral health condition was found. Conclusion: Majority of the children had a high dental caries experience due to high consumption of sugary snacks and not brushing thereafter, not brushing before bed time. This was followed by parental negligence as far as the oral health of their children is concerned, irregular brushing habits, and lack of routine dental checkup visits and the lack of an operational Dental Clinic in the local community. Recommendations: There should be massive and regular community mobilizations and sensitization on Oral health and practices so that parents are equipped with proper knowledge on oral health in order to be in position to protect the oral health of their children. Key words: Oral health status, Oral health practices, Kakajjo zone two.
Prevalence of HIV and Use of ARV Drugs Among Pregnant Mothers Attending the ANC Clinic in Mbarara Regional Referral Hopital.
(International Health Sciences University., 2014-11) Mugisha, Kenneth Rubanga.
This study was done in Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH), Mbarara district. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of HIV infections among the pregnant women who get their antenatal services from the ANC clinic in that hospital, and determine the use of ARV drugs by the HIV-infected pregnant women. The study population were the pregnant mothers who had their antenatal services in the hospital during the period of January 2013 and January 2014, most especially those that were found to be HIV-positive during that period. The study was a retrospective study which employed one method of collecting data, which was review of the hospital records in the MCH clinic of Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital. Analysis of data was both qualitative and quantitative, as well as univariate and bivariate. The records of the hospital were studied, sorted and analyzed accordingly. Prevalence of HIV among the 1593 mothers was 13.8% (220 mothers).Factors that contributed to this prevalence rate are; age (higher in 16 – 27 years; 34%, and lower in 28 – 39 years; 14%), education (highest in primary level; 34%), religion (highest in Muslim women; 48%), marital status (lowest in married women; 9%), parity (20% in women with 7 – 9 children), occupation (lowest in professional workers; 4%) and monthly income (lowest in women with an income >200,000; 5%). Among the 220 mothers who were HIV-positive, the level of use of the ARV drugs was 79% (173 women). The study findings suggested a relatively high prevalence rate among the pregnant mothers (13.8%) and recommendations from the findings are; increasing awareness through sex education to the young people, periodic assessment of patients’ welfare by the concerned organs or clinics, ensure increased enrollment of children into schools, and thorough and goal-oriented counselling sessions for all newly diagnosed HIV patients.
Self Medication Among Health Workers and Socio-demographic Factors Associated With it :
(International Health Sciences University., 2014-11) Naccwa, Peninah Golooba.
The study was designed to investigate self-medication among health workers in Kisugu Health Centre III and socio-demographic factors associated with it. The three specific study objectives explored were: to determine the socio-demographic factors of health workers in kisugu Health Center III Makindye division associated to self medication, to determine the types of drugs which are frequently used for self medication by health workers, to identify which illnesses call for self-medication among health workers in kisugu Health Center III Makindye division Kampala. A cross sectional study was carried out in Kisugu Health Centre III. A questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection, a random sample of 65 health workers was adopted for the study, and all of them were considered representing 65 questionnaires. The subjects used in the study were 48 nurses, 3 medical officers, 3 clinical officers, 5 laboratory technicians, 2 dental officers, 3 health information assistants, and 1 dispenser. The findings in the study indicated a high rate of self-medication among health workers in Kisugu Health Centre III. Familiarity with treatment was the major factor responsible for self-medication among health workers in Kisugu Health Centre III. The study also found that, the higher the practicing years or experience of the health workers, the higher the tendency of self-medication. Cough 66.7% followed by headache where the common illnesses which called for self-medication. The study also found out that the drugs which where commonly abused were analgesics, antibiotics, and antimalarials. The problem of self-medication among health workers has consequences such as; drug resistance, incorrect self diagnosis, delay in seeking medical advice, adverse drug reactions, dangerous drug interactions, incorrect dosage, incorrect choice of therapy, masking of severe diseases, drug dependence and abuse. It is recommended that a functional policy should be initiated in that just like other patients, health workers should be entered into the patients’ book before being given any medication, and also the Uganda MOH in line with NDA should put clear laws about OTC drugs, in that no selling them to anyone without a physician’s prescription from a recognised health centre health workers. The government should also put more emphasis on the continuous medical education within health centres to keep health workers updated about the dangers of self-medication with a variety of different drugs.
Prevalence and Factors Influencing Self Medication among Adults of Luzira Parish, Nakawa Division Kampala, Uganda.
(International Health Sciences University., 2014-11) Nyeko, Ceasar.
Self medication is the use of drugs to treat self diagnosed disorders or symptoms or the intermittent or continued use of prescribe drugs fro chronic or recurrent disease or symptoms (WHO, 2002). Self medication is practiced widely for various reasons such as to promote health, to prevent symptoms or treat illness. It is estimated globally that more than 50% of drugs world wide are purchased without a prescription from pharmacies or street vendors in the informal sector (WHO, 2010). The reason for self medication are attributed to over the counter sales of drugs, high costs of medication consultations, dissatisfied with medical practitioners, inadequate regulation of distribution of drugs, sale of prescribed drugs among other reasons. Self medication is a useful tool to treat minor ailments but improper self medication practice or medication abuse may lead to serious adverse drug reactions and possibly fatal consequences. In Uganda there is no clear data showing the prevalence of self medication but there is suspicion that self medication is high. Reason for this assumption is that drugs can be bought from pharmacies and drug shops without prescriptions. Thus, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and factors leading to self medication in Luzira, Nakawa division Kampala. A descriptive cross-sectional study was used involving 100 respondents from selected homes in Luzira, data collected was analyzed using Microsoft Excel. 70% of respondents reported practices self medication within the past three months of the study. The commonest conditions that were self medicated were headache 39.5%, Cold/Flu 17.1% and fever 14.5%. The commonly used drugs for self medication were paracetamol 39.5%, cold cup 15.9% and Coartem and Amoxicillin each 7.9%. The major reason for practicing self medication was mildness of the symptoms and the drugs were mostly brought from pharmacies and retail shops. Drug regulatory and health authorities have to dedicate some resources used to raise awareness of the community of Luzira and the general public on the problems and consequences of self medication so that they can practice better self medication. Moreover, it might be helpful if the concepts and principles of self medication could be reflected in the formal curricula of health care disciplines in Uganda.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Individuals Aged Between 10 to 45 Years on Jigger Infestation in Namalu Sub-county Nakapiripirit District, Uganda
(International Health Sciences University., 2014-11) Telo, Jonathan.
Introduction: Jigger flea, also known as sand flea, Chigoe or Tunga penetrans is an ecto-parasite which causes Tungiasis, a parasitic infection of both humans and animals such as pigs, goats, sheep, and cattle. “The jigger flea affects many poor and ignorant populations living in Sub-Saharan Africa especially rural communities of Nigeria, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, the Caribbean and South America, hence hundreds of millions of people are at risk of infection in more than 70 nations, mostly in developing countries” (Nyeri, 2009). The importance of Tunga infestation is localization in the foot causing itching, pain, discomfort and difficulty in walking in worst affected people, reducing the infected person’s ability to study, work normally in addition to segregation and social stigmatization. “In endemic areas, prevalence ranges from 15-40%”. The main objective of this study was to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices of the people aged between 10-45 years old on jigger flea infestation in Namalu sub county, Nakapiripirit district. The objectives were: knowledge, attitudes and practices of community members (10-45) on jigger infestation in Namalu subcounty, Nakapiripirit district. Methodology: The study adopted a cross sectional survey with a total number of 323 individuals were sampled and 138 were interviewed accordingly using pretested self-administered questionnaires. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches of data collection and analysis were used during the study. Data was obtained from a cross sectional study design used to determine population size to be interviewed. The tool used for data collection was a self-administered questionnaire. And data was organized and summarized using frequencies and percentages. Results: The major findings of the study were; a significant number of community members had low levels of education 35% and this could have contributed to the increased rate of infection. Knowledge on jigger infestation is high 70%, but has not translated to jigger prevention and control in the area, Community members kept their domestic animals in their houses or compounds and attributed this to insecurity, a significant number of community members disposed their solid wastes to nearby garbage collection pits. The recommendations included: In order to deal away with jigger menace threatening the lives of the population in Namalu subcounty, Nakapiripirit district, collective approaches should be employed which involve multisectoral, multidisciplinary approaches against jigger flea infestation. Community outreach programs aimed at informing, health educating community members about jigger flea control and preventive measure have to be established. Community health workers should also be trained and well equipped on how to combat the infestation whenever the prevalence becomes severe.
Correlation of Cystatin C and Cardiovascular Risk Markers in Type 2 Dibetes Mellitus Patients Attending Mulago Hospital.
(International Health Sciences University., 2014-11) Nyanzi, Faisal.
Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death in Type 2 diabetic patient. Similarly diabetic nephropathy is the major risk factor for morbidity and mortality in diabetes mellitus patients. Cystatin C as a marker of renal function can facilitate the early prediction of cardiovascular risk along with the other classical markers in DM Type 2 patients. Cystatin C is identified as a promising marker of renal dysfunction and has emerged as a biomarker of cardiovascular risk. This study aimed to estimate and correlate the levels of plasma cystatin C with cardiovascular risk markers in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Methods: The study population included type 2 diabetes mellitus patients above 18 years of either sex. Among 129 diabetes mellitus type 2 patients, 125 patients were recruited and divided into group A with HbA1c ≤ 6.5% Hb and group B with HbA1c> 6.5% Hb. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for FBG, Total cholesterol, TRIG, HDL and Creatinine by enzymatic method. LDL by direct turbidimetric method. Plasma cystatin C and HbA1c were estimated by immunoturbidimetric method and hs-CRP by particle enhanced immunoturbidimetric method. Cardiovascular risk ratios TC/HDL, LDL/HDL and others were calculated. Results: About 73% of the patients recruited had poorly managed diabetes Patients with poor glycemic control (Group B, n = 91) had significantly higher values of hs-CRP (10.57 ± 4.58 mg/L), Total Cholesterol (4.56 ± 0.25 mmol/L), LDL (4.10 ± 0.25 mmol/L), TC/HDL (4.10 ± 1.39), LDL/HDL (2.56 ± 0.22) and Creatinine (68.52 ± 38.02). The study revealed a positive correlation between cystatin C and the endothelial inflammatory marker hs-CRP (r = 0.93, p = 0.001). Similarly HbA1c, LDL/HDL, Cholesterol and Triglycerides showed positive correlations with cystatin C of (r = 0.92, p = 0.022), (r = 0.81, p < 0.0001), (r = 0.80, p < 0.0001) and (r = 0.80, p = 0.022) respectively. Cystatin C also had a correlation with HDL (r = 0.71, p = 0.018). Creatinine and cystatin C also showed a positive correlation. (r = 0.48, p < 0.0001) Conclusion: Plasma cystatin C, a preclinical marker of renal dysfunction can be used as a predictive marker of diabetic dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk in poorly controlled Type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients.
Bacterial contamination of Ward Items Predisposing Individuals to Nasocomial Infection at Kiwoko Hospital in Nakaseke District.
(International Health Sciences University., 2014-11) Wabuyi, Patrick.
Background: Contaminated environmental surfaces play an important role in transmission of nosocomial pathogens (Catano et al., 2012). These infections lead to increased rates of morbidity and mortality, staying longer in the hospital, indiscriminate and increased Use Of Antibiotics, And Increases On Hospital Expenses. The Study Was Therefore Carried Out To determine bacterial contamination of ward items predisposing individuals to nasocomial infection at Kiwoko Hospital, Nakaseke District. Methodology: Swabs were collected from 309 ward items (Stethescopes, Blood pressure machines, Bed pans, Examination beds, Nurse stations, Intravenous poles, Curtains and sinks) distributed over 7 wards (male medical, male surgical, female medical, female surgical, paediatric, opd and maternity). A total of 309 swabs collected were cultured on blood agar, Mackonkey agar, and identified using standard microbiological procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed for all positive cultures. Results: The results showed that out of 309 items swabbed and cultured, 72(23.3%) were contaminated with bacteria. Staphylococcus. aureus was the highest contaminant 46(63.89%),followed by Pseudomonas species 12(16.67%), Proteus mirabilis 6(8.33%), Staphylococcus epidemidis 4(5.56%), Esherichia coli 2(2.78%) and Salmonella typhi species 2(2.78%). Male surgical ward presented with the highest contamination at 15/72(20.83%), then followed by Paediatric 11/72(15.28%), Maternity ward 10/72(13.89%), Female surgical ward 10/72(13.89%), Male medical ward 9/72(12.50%), OPD 9/72(12.50%) and the least being Female medical ward with 8/72(11.11%). Highly contaminated items were BP machines 26.39% and stethoscopes 25%, while Examination beds, Bedpans and intravenous poles were not contaminated. Conclusion: Ward items are frequently contaminated with bacteria and may be possible sources or reservoirs of pathogens causing nosocomial infection. Items routinely used and often carried by Health workers are frequently contaminated by bacteria for example BP machines and stethoscopes while those assumed to be often soiled like bedpans are always bacteria free. Therefore preventive measures should be followed.
Seroprevalence of Syphilis Among HIV Sero-positive Patients Attending Immuno-supressed Syndrome Clinic at International Hospital Kampala.
(International Health Sciences University., 2014-11) Achieng, Diana Inda.
Background Syphilis has been a persistent public health challenge for developing countries, especially among HIV pandemic regions. The interaction of syphilis and HIV co infection is complex and remains the subject of ongoing research. Studies demonstrate that sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) including syphilis, and particularly genital ulcers, are associated with an increased risk of HIV acquisition (Christopher et al., 2006). The study was carried out to determine the sero-prevalence of syphilis among HIV sero-positive individuals attending the Immune Suppressed Syndrome (ISS) Clinic at International Hospital in Kampala Touch Namuwongo Project (TNP). Methodology A cross-sectional study conducted between January to April 2014. A total of 150 HIV individuals were enrolled for the study. They were screened for syphilis using Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) and TPHA as a confirmatory test. Results: The sero-prevalence of syphilis among HIV sero-positive individuals attending the Immune Suppressed Syndrome (ISS) Clinic at International Hospital in Kampala Touch Namuwongo Project (TNP) was 10%(15/150). Conclusion: Prevalence was high 10%, females were more affected than males, and the commonly affected age group was 23-30 years, therefore there is a need for integration of syphilis diagnosis and management in HIV clients more so among the youths.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Pregnant Women on PMTCT Services at Kawolo Hospital Buikwe District.
(International Health Sciences University., 2014-11) Ssenyonjo, Robert.
Improved PMTCT uptake and knowledge on how to reduce the risk of MTCT was observed in Kawolo Hospital, where 57.5% of pregnant women were tested for HIV after counseling and 91.7% were willing to take up PMTCT drugs. The main study objective was to assess the knowledge, attitude, practices of pregnant mothers on use of PMTCT services in Kawolo Hospital Buikwe District. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of 120 pregnant mothers as sample size selected under systematic random sampling at the antenatal clinic Kawolo hospital. Exit interviews were conducted from September to October 2014. The study found out that, 95(79.17%) had heard about PMTCT and 25(20.83%) and majority came to know through friends (55.83), hospital (51.67%), radios and television (47.5%) and lastly news papers and seminars. majority of pregnant mothers had heard about PMTCT drugs72 (60%) and 48(40%) had not heard about PMTCT drugs where most of them mentioned Nevirapine syrup and ART. Most mothers 81(67.5%) mentioned that HIV positive mother should give birth and only 39(32.5%) did not agree with HIV positive mother giving birth. Majority of the pregnant mothers 72(60%) had done something to prevent MTCT where most of them stated by testing for HIV (50%), delivering in hospital (25%). These results suggest that supporting women through ANC, education and during pregnancy would be an important intervention for her health including PMTCT. It has also been shown that those mothers who always attended ANC were more knowledgeable about PMTCT than those who did not. Furthermore, the observation that there might be concerns regarding disclosure of one’s status in relation to fear and stigma therefore every partner has to be involved.
Assessing the Knowledge and Attitude of Pregnant Mothers on Compulsory Routine Counseling and Testing at Kisugu Health Center Makindye Division - Uganda.
(International Health Sciences University., 2014-11) Muyige, Ismail.
The study was based on the topic “Assessing the Knowledge and Attitude of pregnant mothers on Compulsory Routine Counseling and Testing at Kisugu Health Centre Makindye Division”. It aimed at assessing the pregnant women’s knowledge on RCT in Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) service, to examine pregnant women’s attitude towards antiretroviral drugs in Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV and to identify the factors that affect the uptake and acceptability of RCT in PMTCT services. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative research designs where both questionnaires and interview guides were used to collect data from the field. All data was grouped and analyzed in a statistical way where by data was presented in tables showing frequencies and percentages. The following results were obtaining basing on the study finding; It was found out that there high levels of awareness of pregnant mothers regarding RCT services, also pregnant women seem to have a detailed information on the HIV/AIDS pandemic and RCT issues; among the factors that influence attitudes and perceptions towards RCT of HIV, stigma and discrimination jointly have greater impact, fear of prejudice can cause some women to refuse HIV RCT and testing; it is very difficult for an HIV infected mothers to adhere to infant feeding guidelines without disclosing her HIV status to her partner, the most effective interventions to reduce PMTCT depends upon knowing status and that depends upon the availability of information, counseling and RCT services. Among the cited recommendations were; there is need to increase on human resource to handle RCT program in hospitals, there is need to create partnership between Ministry of health and other NGOs, the Ministry should scale up RCT services to Health Center IVs so that pregnant women do not have to move long distances and the government should implement on RCT so that partner and other family members can access the HIV prevention, care and support services.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Post-natal Mothers on Utilization of "Maama Kit" at Yei Civil Hospital, Yei River County South Sudan.
(International Health Sciences University., 2014-11) Budya, Augustino.
Unclean birth practices increase the likelihood of micro-organisms entering the birth canal or the cord stump, causing puerperal and cord sepsis(WHO, 2008). However, “Maama Kit”, a form of clean delivery kit is being promoted to improve maternal and neonatal health to meet the millennium development goals. This study will contribute towards strengthening mother’s knowledge and skills in the utilization of Maama Kits in order to reduce infection. Objective of the Study was to assess knowledge, attitude and practices of post natal mothers on utilization of Maama kits at Yei Civil Hospital, Yei River County South Sudan The study Design used was a cross-sectional survey that employed both qualitative and quantitative with the sample size of 212 respondents (post natal mothers). Convenient sampling technique was used to select the mothers after having obtained their consent. Data was collected through researcher administered questionnaires and analyzed by use of Microsoft excel software. The results found that 25% heard about Maama kits, health workers were the main source of information (62%). 60% of the respondents have very low income level below 100SSp. As a whole, all respondents who heard about “Maama kit” agreed positively on the use of the Maama kit during labour and agreed to use the kits in their next delivery (100%). There is strong relationship between knowledge, attitude and practice towards the utilization of Maama kit among the post natal mothers. The recommendations are;Government and NGO’s should create more attention to girl child education to improve both socio-economic level and utilization of Maama kit, there is need to increase on the funding of Maama kit projects to increase on accessibility and availability, and lastly men should be involved in reproductive health activities.
Factors Influencing the Utilisation of Insecticide Treated Mosquito Nets Among Adults in Luwero Town Council, Luwero dDistrict, Uganda.
(International Health Sciences University., 2014-11) Namyeso, Irene.
Among malaria control measures, use of mosquito nets is the one that is getting more acceptances and is being used on large scale worldwide. Despite on going distribution and use of nets in Uganda, Luwero district inclusive, there is scanty information regarding the Utilization of ITNs in Luweero Town Council. This study sought to find out the factors influencing the utilization of mosquito nets among adults in Luwero Town council, so as to generate information that will help in malaria prevention and control. A cross-sectional study design was used to gather both qualitative and quantitative data. Quantitative data was collected using semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaires and observational checklists while qualitative data was obtained from key informants using interviewer-administered guides. Data obtained was analyzed using microsoft excel and presented as frequency tables, pie-charts and graphs. More than half of the respondents (53.4.2%) were in the age bracket 41-50 years of whom (51.2%) were females. Overall, 88.4% adults knew the importance of ITNs as a Malaria prevention method. 278/371 (74.9%) respondents owned ITNs although majority of them 147/278 (64.7%) did not sleep under one yet (264/371)71.2% had suffered from malaria within the last one year. The main challenge associated with using the net was over heating (53%). Despite the high levels of awareness of the importance of Insectide Treated mosquito Nets, the majority of adults of Luwero Town council reportedly don’t utilize ITNs. This group of adults therefore warrants more sensitization, provision of more free ITNs as a way more to curb down cases of malaria with in the region.
Knowledge and Attitude of Adolescents Towards Sex Education in Selected Secondary Schools in Gulu Municipal Council, Gulu District.
(International Health Sciences University., 2014-11) Rwotomiyo, Deogratious.
Adolescents' premarital sexual activities are increasing in the countries around the world, many of which are risky, unplanned and unprotected. School-based sex education is a promising medium for reaching many adolescents with fundamental health information and life skills that can prevent unintended pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV/AIDS. The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge and attitudes of adolescents towards school based sex education in selected secondary schools, Gulu district. A descriptive cross sectional study was employed to assess the knowledge and attitudes of adolescents towards school based sex education in selected secondary schools, Gulu district. A total of 125 adolescents from different secondary schools within Gulu district were included in this study using probability, simple random sampling technique. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were entered in epi-info 3.5.4 which was transferred using Stata transfer into access and analyzed using SPSS version 16. From the assessment done majority of the respondents (69.6%) mentioned that their culture allowed sex education at the age with most of the respondents 83(66.4%) believing that sex education is very useful. Most of the respondents 83(66.4%) reported having sex education in the school, and 56(44.8%) of the respondents mentioned having sex education often. Majority of the respondents 110 (88.8%) knew something about sex education with half of the respondents 63 (50.4%) defining sex education as learning about sex. Most of the respondents 35 (28.0%) mentioned knowing about sex education from the health workers with majority of the students 39 (31.2%) reporting the use of radio as the most reliable source of information about sex education. Most of the respondents 111 (88.8%) think sex education is important, majority of the respondents 91(72.8%) attended sex education offered at the school; most of the respondents 83 (66.4%) mentioned that the schools have teachers who teach sex education, majority of the students 56 (45.8%) were motivated on sex education by their peer/friends. The study showed good knowledge and attitude towards sex education, HIV/AIDS, STIs and family planning and health workers were considered the most source of information and radio as the reliable source of information. Hence, providing constant supply of basic equipments and materials for sex education books, charts to improve on the gap is necessary.
Assessing the Factors Influencing Teenage Pregnancy in Gulu Regional Referral Hospital.
(International Health Sciences University., 2014-11) Otto, David.
Background: This study sought to find out the factors influencing teenage pregnancy in Gulu regional Referral Hospital. The general object was to find out the factors contributing to the teenage pregnancy in Gulu. This was to generate measures that can be used by the municipal council health team in cubing down the rate of teenage pregnancy and also to offer an in-depth assessment of the contributing factors leading to increased number of teenage pregnancy in Gulu district. Methods and materials: The researcher used data obtained by interviewing teenage girls who have brought their children for immunization services and also those who have come for antenatal services. Data was collected from 392 teenage girls who where between 13 and 19 years, and was finally analyzed using SPSS system. Results from the study indicated that majority of teenagers involved where below 18years, About 57% where found pregnant at the time of the study and most of them were secondary school drop outs (59.9%) as compared to 10.7% who were primary school dropouts. Majority were catholics constituting 34.9%. 10.7% were cohabiting while 64.6% were single and 67.9% have ever had sex before they were 19years. Majority of the respondents acknowledged that they have heard about contraceptives however they could not clearly explain what it is but know at least two different types of contraceptives. Factors such as age of the girl, religion, marital status, staying with both parents, girl child education and community perception on teenage pregnancy were found to have a statistically significant association (p<0.05) with teenage pregnancy. Such factors influence the prevalence of teenage pregnancies within the study area. In conclusion, sensitization of teenage girls on reproductive health, coupled with early initiation of sex education in schools and most importantly intrasectoral collaborations should be encouraged. This will tackle teenage pregnancy from the grass root if the millennium development goal of reducing maternal mortality rate is to be achieved and ending poverty by year 2015.
Factors Influencing Malnutrition in Children Under Five in Kidera and Bukungu Parishes Kidera Sub-county, Buyende District.
(International Health Sciences University., 2014-11) Nassali, Justine.
Objective: the study assessed the factors influencing malnutrition in children under five years in Kidera and Bukungu parishes in Kidera Sub County Buyende district. Methods and materials: the data was collected from 278 households that had children five years and below. The households were selected randomly from the three villages from each parish. Results: out of the 278 respondents, 64% were peasants who depended on farming as there main source of income. Smoking and alcoholism took up a percentage of 31% of the parents. Most of the parents (53%) had gone up to primary level and (81%) had never received any education. Only 49% of the mothers exclusively breastfed for six months and the rest exclusively breast fed for either less than six months or more than six months. The immunization of children was up to date by 83%. For the children who had been admitted to hospital before malaria and diarrhoea were the common illnesses with 60% and 24% respectively. Conclusion: In general the findings in the study indicate that there is still poor infant feeding practices in Kidera Sub-County. Smoking and alcoholism is also still an issue in the area which can lead to child neglect. Maternal education is also very low which indicates a lot of ignorance on infant and child feeding practices.
Prevalence and Factors Associated with Positive Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) among Medical Students at International Health Sciences University, Kampala - Uganda.
(International Health Sciences University., 2014-11) Mugumya, Gilbert.
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health issue worldwide. Medical students in TB burdened countries are thought to be at unfavorably high risk of acquiring TB since they are always in contact with these TB patients yet their safety precaution measures are minimal. This study therefore, was designed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with positive Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) among International Health Sciences University (IHSU) medical students. Methodology: This was a cross sectional experimental Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) survey involving 174 selected medical students pursuing Bachelors of Medical Laboratory Sciences (BMLS), Bachelors of Sciences in Nursing (BSN), Diploma in Clinical Medicine (DCM) and Bachelors of Sciences in Public Health (BscPH) in the academic year 2013-2014 from the first to the fourth year of their medical school. Questionnaires were given as well as administering TST to students who consented for the study. We used descriptive statistics to assess the significance of predictor variables. Dichotomous and categorical variables were tested using chi-square test and continuous variables were tested using t-tests. Results: The prevalence of positive TST among medical students was 23.1%. In year one, we found a prevalence of 11.8%; year 2 = 24.4%; year 3 = 28.3%; year 4 = 57.1%. Clinical students had a higher prevalence of positive TST (30.48%) compared to pre-clinical students (11.76%) (p = 0.004, OR=8.13). Independent predictors of positive TST were; prior clinical practice (chi = 17.45,p-value <0.0001), and household or hospital TB contact with a case of TB, (Chi = 14.1,p-value =0.0001). Conclusion: A prevalence of 23.1% TST among International Health Sciences University (IHSU) medical students indicates a possible exposure to nosocomial transmission of M. tuberculosis. The study indicated that, clinical students especially those offering Bachelors of Science in Nursing are more at risk of developing Tuberculosis (TB) compared to the pre clinical students though having knowledge or not about tuberculosis infection does not have any effect to TB contraction.
Factors Influencing the Occurrence of Dental Caries among Patients Attending the Dental Clinic at Mbale Regional Referral Hospital.
(International Health Sciences University., 2014-11) Mugega, Aziz.
Introduction: Dental caries is an irreversible multi-factorial disease affecting the calcified tissues of the teeth, in which the diet, the host and microbial flora interact over a period of time resulting into demineralization of the inorganic tissues followed by destruction of the organic tissues of the teeth leading to teeth cavitations. Main objective of the study: To establish the factors influencing the occurrence of dental caries among patients attending the dental outpatient department at Mbale regional referral hospital. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the factors influencing the occurrence of dental caries among patients (n=384) attending dental clinic at Mable regional referral hospital, Mbale municipality, Mbale district.. The collected data was entered into the computer, cleaned, coded and analyzed using statistical package for social scientists (SPSS), and excel in order to establish the relationship between the occurrence of dental caries and the associated factors among the respondents. Results: The majority of the respondents were females (64.92%), where as the most common age group was between 15 – 18 years of age (32.98%), 41.10% had knowledge on dental caries, however almost two quarters of the respondents used fluoridated tooth paste, with only 6.02% brushing their teeth, atleast 2.88% reported not to practice tooth brushing. At multivariate logistic regression analysis, the level of knowledge on dental carries was found to be significantly low and thus affecting the oral status of the community members. Conclusion: Relatively the majority of the respondents had less knowledge on dental carries, in terms of causal factors, knowledge and oral hygiene practices. Recommendation: Health workers should be encouraged to offer dental health education to increase use of preventive dental services. The government and the ministry of health should involve communities in this region especially on the areas of planning, implementation and monitoring of oral health programs.

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