The School of Nursing and Midwifery

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Factors affecting retention of health workers in the remote areas of kinkinzi west kanungu district.
(International Health Sciences University., 2-12) Kiiza, Ronald
Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO 2006) reported that globally there is lack of over 4.2 million health professionals. Uganda is among the 57 countries with critical shortage of health workers and experiences challenges related to recruitment and retention of qualified health professional (WHO 2010). Health workers have continued to transfer their services to other countries, moonlighting, absenting themselves from work and taking up other jobs. Failure to retain the health workers will result in poor health service delivery. General objective: To examine factors affecting retention of health workers in the remote areas of Kinkizi west, Kanungu district in Uganda. Methodology: The study was carried out on 145 health workers in the remote areas of Kinkizi west Kanungu. A cross sectional descriptive study design was used together with Purposive sampling and Non probability sampling methods were used in selecting respondents from the field study, the empirical data was gathered through use of interviewing and questionnaire method respectively from 145respondents who comprised of doctors, paramedical and nurses. Self-administered questionnaires (SAQs) were used and interview guide to collect data from respondents in their respective capacity. Results: The study found out that health worker retention is poor and HWs were leaving health facilities due to poor remuneration revealed by 76.6% respondents, 75.5% of respondents also revealed that unfriendly working environment affect retention, and 58.0% revealed that most health workers have left their health facilities due to family related issues and inadequate educational and training opportunities revealed by 54.1%. It finally revealed by the majority 53.8% of the respondent that rate retention was very low for doctors compared to the paramedical and nurses. Conclusions: It was found out that health worker retention is poor Recommendation: The researcher recommends that government through Ministry of health should put much emphasize on allocating resource in health sector focus on increasing health workers remuneration package, develop infrastructure like road, financial institution, establishment of training centers and recruit more workers
Uptake of Antenatal Care Services Among the First Trimester Expectant Mothers at International Hospital Kampala Namuwongo.
(International Health Sciences University, 2013-09) Mwebia, Keneth Mutuma
Introduction: This study was sought to determine the uptake of antenatal care services among mothers at International Hospital Kampala Namuwongo. This is against the background that ANC services are the measures used to identify risk factors during pregnancy, do appropriate referral from health centers and plan for proper labor management to reduce infant and maternal maternal mortality. Reducing the infant and maternal mortality is one of the Millennium development goals. The infant and maternal mortality rates have been a challenge to Uganda and the world at large. The rates that seem not to reduce in Uganda. Therefore this call for the determination of uptake of antenatal care services among the first trimester among expectant mothers to assess the level of early antenatal visits in Uganda. Methodology: Across sectional descriptive study. Using a case of International Hospital Kampala in Namuwongo, a suburb of the Capital city of Uganda, quantitative approaches of data collection and analysis were engaged to conduct the study. Results: There was inadequate knowledge on the ANC services; the early uptake of antenatal care services was affected by the age of the mothers and the number of pregnancies. The mothers who had more years and high numbers of pregnancies seemed to seek antenatal care services after the first 12 months. Recommendations: The mothers who seek ANC services should be given the full package of information about antenatal services; mothers should be encouraged and motivated to seek antenatal services early during the first trimester in every pregnancy.
Caregivers' Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices on Prevention of Diarrhoea in Children Under Five Years in Soweto Namuwongo.
(International Health Sciences University, 2013-09) Kalibbala, Joseph
Introduction This study investigated caregivers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices on prevention of diarrhoea in children under five years in Soweto, Namuwongo. The study particularly sought to assess caregivers' knowledge and attitude, because they dominantly influence their practices in the prevention of diarrhoea in children under five years; which preventive measures can greatly reduce the incidences of diarrhoea episodes. The study was conceived due to the fact that diarrhoea is a disease burden in Uganda and has been neglected as more focus and facilitation is availed to HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria. Furthermore, preventive practices too have been neglected. General Objective To determine caregivers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices on prevention of diarrhoea in children under five in Soweto Namuwongo between August and September 2012. Methodology The study was conducted through a cross-sectional study design. Data was collected in August 2012, using a researcher administered questionnaire and interview techniques from 217 caregivers selected using one-way cluster sampling method from the accessible population. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics and univariate methods and presented in tables and figures. Results The study established that more than half, that is to say, 58.06% (126) had low level of knowledge on prevention of diarrhoea in children under five years, as they could only give less than two ways of preventing diarrhoea. In the second objective the study further revealed that more than half 55.3% (120) of the caregivers strongly agreed that it was normal for their children to get diarrhoea regularly. The study revealed that 80% (174) caregivers did not have a hand washing bay near their latrines thus they did not practice hand washing adequately. Also worth noting is that 67.3% of the caregivers reported that one of their children under five years had an episode of diarrhoea in the last two weeks towards the study. Conclusion The study concludes that caregivers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards prevention of diarrhoea was not satisfactory. The low levels of knowledge, negative attitudes and poor preventive practices, led to increase of diarrhoea prevalence in children under five years. Recommendations The study recommends that there is need to revive community sensitization, as this would empower the caregivers with children under five years and the community at large with knowledge which would influence their attitudes thus better preventive practices. Village health teams (VHTs) who represent health centre one should be empowered with information and facilitation so that they can be able to provide continuous education to caregivers in the community. The research finally recommended more vigilant public health assessments and surveillance, government support through relevant policies, laws and adequate funding to facilitate communities for example infrastructure for waste removal, building of latrines and urban planning to reduce overcrowding.
Knowledge and Perception Toward Proffessional Burnout Among Nurses Caring for Patients With Terminal Illnesses at Hospice Uganda and Uganda Cancer Institute
(International Health Sciences University, 2013-09) Nabadda, Martha
Purpose of the study This study investigated knowledge, perception and level of professional burnout among nurses. The awareness and way of regarding burnout exemplified the knowledge and perception of nurses while emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation, and reduced personal accomplishment characterised professional burnout. Objectives of the study The study particularly sought to investigate nurses who engage in oncology nursing and palliative care, the care for patients with terminal illnesses. The study was conceived due to the fact that it was not known what the magnitude of burnout was in the nurses. It was also not clear whether the nurses were aware of professional burnout and how these nurses perceived burnout arising from the chronic job stress. Hence the objectives of the study were to establish the level of burnout, determine the level of knowledge and assess perception toward professional burnout among nurses caring for patients with terminal illnesses. Methods The study was conducted through a cross-sectional study design, data being collected between August and November 2012 using a focus group discussion and questionnaires from 65 respondents selected from nurses in two health institutions; Hospice Africa Uganda and Uganda Cancer Institute. The sample size was calculated using Taro Yamane’s formula. The data was analysed using descriptive, inferential and thematic analysis and presented in tables and figures. A student t-test was used to determine mean differences between the dimensions of burnout and the documented overall norms. Results The study established that 63.08% of the nurses had high burnout, 68.52% of the factors related to burnout were known by at least 81.54% of the nurses and 67.69% of the nurses agreed that the components and characteristics that were presented to them described professional burnout. The nurses cited feelings of tiredness, work-attitude diminishment and intent to leave the profession to be characteristic of burnout from emotional stress. Conclusion and recommendations The study concluded that though the nurses’ knowledge was sufficient and perception right, their prevalence (63.08%) of burnout was high. The study also recommends that nurses need education on how to apply their knowledge of burnout in their work and training on job engagement.
Assessing Factors Affecting the Feeding Practices of Mothers of Infacts 0-6 Months in Kibera Estate Attending Lang'ata Health Centre.
(International Health Sciences University, 2013-09) Mukolwe, Cynthia
The study was carried out in Kibera Estate, Nairobi Kenya with an objective to assess the factors affecting the feeding practices of mothers of infants zero to six (0-6) months. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used to collect data through a quantitative approach. A total of 300 mothers of infants six months old and below were interviewed. Results: The study revealed that 89.3% of the sample lived in the urban informal settlements and average household size was 5 members per household, 78.3% were unemployed, 54.6% had little or no education, 40.3% were 25 years and above while 24.7% were 18 years or less. 37.7% were married. About 49.3% of infants were fed on breast milk while 50.7% received cow’s or formula milk. Mixed feeding was widely practiced with largely formula milk, porridge or gruel and herbal drinks. Discarding colostrums, giving pre-lacteal feeds, introduction of other foods too early were some of the common practices noted among the mothers. Conclusions: The study concluded that not all infants aged zero to six months are exclusively breastfed, social-demographic factors have a significant effect on infant feeding practices and culture is significantly related to infant feeding practices.
Knowledge and Practices Regarding Infant Weaning Among Mothers at International Hospital Kampala.
(International Health Sciences University, 2013-09) Onyango, Evelyn Ajiambo
This study examined the knowledge and practices regarding infant weaning amongst mothers in International Hospital Kampala. To attain the aim of this research, some research objectives were set and these included: to determine the level of knowledge of mothers regarding infant weaning; to examine the practices amongst mothers regarding infant weaning; and to establish a relationship between level of knowledge and practices among mothers regarding infant weaning in IHK. In the research methodology, descriptive cross- sectional design was used; and breastfeeding mothers from pediatric ward, child center and immunization clinic in IHK formed the study population. Using the Fisher's formula, a sample size of 95 mothers was determined and random sampling based on convenience was used to sample respondents. An interviewer administered and semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data from respondents. Data was analyzed using frequencies and percentages and this was done with the help of SPSS (16). Quality control measures were attained through validity and reliability of the research instruments. The research findings indicated that 68.4 % of the mothers did not have sufficient knowledge regarding infant weaning; 59.6 % of the mothers had poor practices as per the recommendations on the Food Guidelines by WHO); and finally, this study found out that there is a positive and significant relationship between the knowledge of mothers and their practices regarding infant weaning. This relationship was supported by the (P<0.873** and sig. 0.000). The study concluded that the level of knowledge of mothers regarding infant weaning was generally low; the mothers still had poor practices towards infant weaning; and there is a positive and significant relationship between knowledge and practices regarding infant weaning among mothers. Cooperation among different stakeholders such as the Ministry of Health, NGOs, hospital administrators, and community members is encouraged so that breastfeeding mothers can get sufficient information regarding infant weaning and their weaning practices can match with the one recommended by the WHO.
Burnout Among Health Workers in Kamuli Hospital:
(International Health Sciences University, 2013-09) Naafa, Jane Rose
This study determined burnout among health workers in Kamuli hospital; assessment of knowledge and coping strategies. To achieve this purpose, the following research objectives were formulated: to assess the influence of socio-demographic factors on burn out among health workers towards burnout in Kamuli hospital; to investigate the levels of knowledge of health workers about burnout in Kamuli hospital; to determine the coping strategies of health workers in Kamuli hospital towards burnout; and to determine the relationship between knowledge and coping strategies towards burnout among health workers in Kamuli Hospital. In the literature, different concepts, opinions and research findings of scholars and authors were analyzed so as to bring about clarity about research variables. In the methodology, this study employed a cross-sectional descriptive study design employing quantitative methods of data collection; the accessible population was 75 and all these were considered as respondents. Both primary and secondary sources of data were employed in this study and questionnaires were used as research instrument. The reliability and validity of the research instruments were determined through pretesting and content validity index. Data was analyzed using SPSS. Frequencies and percentages were used to determine the research objectives. Ethical considerations were also taken in to consideration. The research findings indicated that socio-demographic factors influence the level of knowledge and coping strategies towards burnout among health workers; it was also found out that health workers in Kamuli Hospital have some considerable level of knowledge about burnout; the level of coping strategies towards burnout among health workers in Kamuli Hospital is still low; and finally, this study found out that there is a significant relationship between level of knowledge about burnout and coping 0.000 level of significance and a correlation of 0.84 indicating a positive relationship. The study concludes that socio-demographic factors significantly influence the level of knowledge and coping strategies among health workers; health workers in Kamuli Hospital have some knowledge about burnout; the level of coping strategies among health workers in Kamuli is still low; there is a positive correlation between level of knowledge and coping strategies towards burnout among health workers. This study recommends that different stakeholders such the government, health center administrators and health workers should work hand in hand to ensure that health workers get sufficient knowledge about burnout as it is likely to reduce their work performance and lead to counter productive work behaviors.
Knowledege, Attitude and Practices of Health Workers on Medical Waste Management in Iganga General Hospital, Uganda.
(International Health Sciences University, 2013-09) Babrye, Josephine Kyobe
Improper management of health-care wastes from health facilities poses occupational and public health risks to patients, health workers, waste handlers, haulers, and communities. In developing countries, scavenger families who make a living by recycling materials from open dump sites are at great risk especially from sharps waste. To establish knowledge, attitude and practices of health workers on medical waste management in Iganga General Hospital, Uganda. A cross sectional quantitative and qualitative study design was employed while exploring the knowledge, attitude and practices of staff on waste management in Iganga General Hospital. There were more female respondents in the study sixty four 64(61.54%). Of these, forty four 44(51.16%) were between 22 and 31 years old and only 1 (1.16%) in the age group of 57 – 61 years. The youngest respondent was 22 years and oldest 60 years old, giving a mean range of 38 years. It was also noted that the majority of the respondents fifty nine 59 (57.28%) were married. Only 2 (1.94%) of them said were cohabiting. Most of the respondents sixty one 61(59.22%) were certificate holders with only one 1(0.97%) masters graduate. The study shows that there was difference in the knowledge level about waste management according to sex of the respondents. Accordingly, many of the respondents knew what waste management is. The study also showed that the respondents had a fairly motivated attitude towards working while wearing personal protective equipments by sex. According to age, the study also shows fair practice of workers on waste classification in the facility. The study shows that respondents had generally good knowledge, a fairly keen attitude on the subject and with somewhat fair practices on medical waste management. An incinerator needs to be erected at the facility to solve the challenge of waste storage as reliance on Green label world in the future is not realistic enough.
Adherence to Infection Prevention Precautions Among Healthworkers in Lira Hospital
(International Health Sciences University, 2013-09) Akello, Judith
Occurrence of infections in health care settings has spiraled for a long time; these infections have been triggered much by lack of disposal pits in the hospital, absence of personal protective equipments and antiseptics in all units in the hospital. This high trend in infections has also contributed to the prolongation of sepsis among surgical patients and, high bed occupancy rates.This study was therefore conducted to assess the adherence to infection prevention precautions among health workers in lira hospital. The study design employed was cross sectional while purposive sampling technique was used as a sampling method in this study. The interviewer self administered questionnaire; the questionnaire comprised of both closed and open-ended questions for data collect. A total of 100 respondents’ females and males were enrolled in the study. The study revealed that, majority of the respondents 70(70%) were females while only 30 (30%) were males. In conclusion, infection prevention policies and procedures were acknowledged to maintain competency but were not satisfactorily practiced, this influenced infection prevention precaution to a lesser extent because all these were indirectly associated proper adoption of guidelines on infection control In the light of the above, it is therefore imperative to have an ongoing education and training of facility staff to maintain competency and ensure that infection prevention policies and procedures are understood, followed environmental services workers from an outside agency to enhance the adherence level in relation to infection control.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Among Desk Bound Workers on Type 2 DM:
(International Health Sciences University, 2013-09) Liliane, Umwiza
Studies have shown that diabetes is on the rise in Uganda and the WHO (2005) published that Kampala had a prevalence of 8.1% in 2005. There is a very limited number of studies that have been published on prevalence so far and so little has been published on Knowledge, attitudes and prevalence. This study aimed at determining the knowledge, attitude and practices (modifications of risks) on Diabetes among desk bound workers who are clients of IHK. This was a cross sectional study conducted among 80 clients of IHK using non-probability purposive sampling method. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used and the research tool was an interview guide. The study found that a big number of respondents (45%) had moderate knowledge about diabetes; the commonest source of knowledge (42.5%) was hear-say. Most of the respondents (62.5%) had the wrong attitude (meaning that their outlook towards diabetes would not trigger them to act towards risk modifications); and 71.25% of the respondents had average practice meaning that they had some activities in acquiring it. From the study, the researcher recommends that the right information should be brought to people so as to minimize the chances of transmitting the wrong information, and more data on diabetes in Uganda and Kampala especially should be availed through broad and extensive research.
Factors Affecting Occurrence of Needle Stick Injuries Among the Health Workers at International Hospital Kampala.
(International Health Sciences University, 2013-09) Ashaba, Aheebwa Anita
Introduction: An epidemiological study by WHO(2010) indicated that a person who experiences one needle stick injury from a needle used on an infected source patient had risks of 30%, 1.8%, and 0.3% respectively to become infected with HBV, HCV and HIV. In 2012, International Hospital Kampala had a total of nigh-teen needle stick injuries according to the records of the infection control management. If the above situation is not dealt with, transmission of infectious diseases through needle stick injuries will continue hence increasing the prevalence of these diseases among health workers in International Hospital Kampala. General objective: This study intended to investigate the factors affecting the occurrence of needle stick injuries among health workers in International Hospital Kampala. Methodology: The study was carried out on 113 participants in International Hospital Kampala. A cross-sectional descriptive study design was used together with a non-probability sampling technique. A questionnaire was used to collect data from the participants who were asked about their demographics, prevalence, knowledge level, practices, and health facility factors affecting the occurrence of needle stick injuries (NSIs). The data collected was analyzed using SPSS and the results presented in tables and figures. Results: From the results obtained,majority, 67/113(59.29%) of the health workers in IHK had experienced NSIs. Re-capping needle sticks was one of the risks factors noted to be associated with NSIs in this study(X²=25.58, P=0.00). The results showed that most of the respondents mentioned both HIV and Hepatitis as some of the diseases that are obtained from NSIs (X²=6.45, P=0.04). Majority of the respondents knew how to prevent NSIs and they mentioned proper disposal of needle sticks as what they do to prevent such injuries. Knowing how to prevent NSIs was significantly associated with occurrence of these injuries (X²=4.49, P=0.03). In this study, provision of safety boxes to ensure proper disposable methods was significantly associated with occurrence of NSIs(X²=9.34, P=0.01). On analysis, the results showed that majority of the respondents had 1-5 trainings about NSIs. There was a significant relationship between the number of trainings and occurrence of NSIs(X²=7.80, P=0.02). Conclusions: It was found out that the prevalence of NSIs in IHK was high compared to the expectations of WHO which emphasizes that health workers should be protected from such injuries because they expose them to the risk of acquiring infections like HIV and Hepatitis. Recommendations: The hospital should sensitize its workers about the effects of NSIs and encourage them to protect themselves and avoid such injuries because they expose them to risks of infection.
Factors Associated with Hepatitis B Infection Among Pregnant Mothers Attending Antenatal Clinic at the Surgery in Kampala.
(International Health Sciences University, 2013-09) Kamuli, Margaret Amooti
Introduction: Hepatitis B virus has a potential mother to child transmission, and it‟s a major concern because of the associated long term morbidity and mortality of this infection. Hepatitis B virus is 50 to 100 times more infectious than HIV and it‟s fatal to both the mother and the fetus despite the health education given it still affects mothers General objective: The general objective is to determine the factors associated with sero-prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen among pregnant women attending ANC at the Surgery clinic. Methodology: Across sectional study design was used to collect quantitative data on factors associated with sero-prevalence from 180 pregnant mothers attending ANC at the Surgery clinic in Kampala between April-September 2013. The mothers were enrolled consecutively after consenting to participate in the study and they filled in the questionnaire. Blood samples were collected from these mothers and tested for hepatitis sero-antigen –antibody to determine the sero-prevalence of hepatitis B infection. Data on associated factors were collected using researcher administered questionnaires Data was coded, entered, cleared, validated and analyzed using SPSS Version 16.0 Results: The study revealed that 9 (5.1%) of the pregnant mothers were tested positive for hepatitis B infection. The factors associated with sero-prevalence of hepatitis B infection in this study were: Social demographic factors: type of marriage (χ2=6.876 P= 0.009) and the rest of the variables did not have relationship with HBV. Individual factors: Scarification practice, (χ2=8.434 P=0.004), history of liver disease (χ2=10.342 P =0.001), Cultural behavioral factors: Ever shared 0.001), and history of safe sex (χ2 =8.372, P=0.004) and preventive strategies: history of sharing syringes (χ2 =10.269, P= 0.001) and history of contact with blood of another persons (χ2=4.886, P=0.027) Conclusion and Recommendation: The sero-prevalence of hepatitis B infection was found to be low among pregnant mother the attending ANC at the Surgery clinic. The study revealed that Hepatitis B infection is associated with the following factors: type of marriage, history of liver disease, scarification practice, safe sex practice, mothers who shares personal belongings, extramarital relationship and history of contact with blood of another person. Mothers should be routinely tested for HBV infection during ANC and the public should be health educated about prevention of hepatitis B.
Awareness of Causes of Puerperal Infection Among Postpartum Women in Kapchorwa District
(International Health Sciences University, 2013-09) Emily, Cheptoek
Puerperal sepsis is one of the preventable causes of maternal morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to assess the awareness of causes of puerperal sepsis. Methods: the study was carried out in Kapchorwa hospital antenatal clinic over a period of two weeks by use of questionnaires. 263 pregnant women who attended the clinic during this period were interviewed to determine their level of awareness of the causes of puerperal sepsis and its prevention. Responses were presented in tables, bar charts and pie charts. Findings showed that only 74 (28.1 %) were aware of the condition leaving out 189(71.8 %) ignorant of puerperal sepsis. This was attributed to institutional, health worker, and client factors ranging from lack of clinical guidelines, lack of knowledge by service providers, poor client education, non-attendance of antenatal clinic by pregnant women, and low socioeconomic status. Conclusion: there is very little known about puerperal sepsis in Kapchorwa hospital. This calls for improved joint effort by the health service providers to identify interventions to ensure increased awareness of this condition in all levels of delivering maternal health. Key words: Puerperal sepsis, Awareness, maternal mortality and morbidity, Antenatal clinic ANC.
Factors That Influence the Practice of Exclusive Breast Feeding Among Mothers in Bubaare, Mbarara District
(International Health Sciences University, 2013-09) Kyobutungi, Kellen
This study assessed the factors that influence practice of exclusive breastfeeding practice among mothers in Bubaare Sub-County in Mbarara District. The study set some objectives so as to achieve the purpose of research. The objectives set included: to establish the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding practices among breastfeeding mothers; to identify the factors that affect the practice of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers; and lastly, to assess the knowledge of mothers about the importance of exclusive breastfeeding practices. Different literature was reviewed about practices and knowledge of mothers about exclusive breastfeeding, and lastly, factors hindering the practice of breastfeeding among women in accordance to scholars and authors were done in literature review. Descriptive cross-sectional design was used and only breastfeeding mothers in Bubaare Sub-County were considered as target population. A sample size of 377 was determined using Kish & Leslie formula and systematic random sampling was used to sample respondents. Closed-ended questionnaires were used to collect data from the field and different data management techniques were used. Data was summarized in data master sheets, Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) software was used to analyze the data. The frequency distribution like mean was used to describe the background characteristics of respondents and Bivariate analysis for analytical statistics was used to assess the relationship between the dependent variable and independent variables. Ethical considerations were also seriously observed in this research. The research found out that the prevalence of the practice of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers is generally high (at 55.2 %); different social and economic factors are also found to be responsible for hindering the practice of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers (at the level of 59 %); and lastly, 69.3 percent of the breastfeeding mothers did not have sufficient knowledge about the importance of exclusive breastfeeding practices. The study concluded that the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding is generally high among mothers in Bubaare; social and economic factors are hinder exclusive breastfeeding among mothers in Bubaare Sub-county; and that majority of the mothers in Bubaare do not have sufficient information about the importance of exclusive breast feeding. The study recommended that more health workers should be recruited; mothers should be given information about exclusive breastfeeding and its benefits; Bubare health center should organize regular out reaches to the communities to teach mothers and care givers the benefits of exclusive breast feeding.
Factors Associated With the Prevalence of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Among Patients Attending Kawempe Health Care Clinic.
(International Health Sciences University, 2013-09) Sembatya, Arafat
Introduction General objectives This study was carried out to determine the factors associated with the Prevalence of tuberculosis among patients attending Kawempe health center clinic located in Kawempe division. Methodology Descriptive and analytic cross- sectional study employing quantitative data collection methods were used. Results Of the 380 patients who tested 148 sputum that was smear positive for TB, giving an overall prevalence of 39% (148/380), 71/148 (48%) of them were HIV positive and had PTB giving a prevalence 48% , Patients aged less or equal to 30 years of age(OR=0.53,CI=0.32-0.89 P=0.016), patients who had no education (OR=5.8, CI=2.16-15.61 P=0.001) and primary (OR=4.16 CI=1.55-11.12 P=0.005 ) , patients who had history of contact with TB patients (OR=2.41CI=1.51-2.93P=0.015 ), patients who had ever smoked (OR=1.82CI=1.13- 2.93P=0.015 ), patients who were not immunized agents TB using BCG vaccine (OR=0.46 CI=0.28-0.76 P= 0.003)and patients who had a positive HIV result (OR=2.25 CI= 1.39-3.63 P=0.001 ) were significant associated with prevalence of PTB. Conclusion. Prevalence of tuberculosis is high and the prevalence of PTB among HIV patients is also high. Recommendation Routine check for HIV serology on all TB patients so as to reduce the synergistic effect of the duet which in effect will reduce morbidity and mortality result from co-infection is very essential
Knowledge of Health Risks, Attitudes and Practices of Water Pipe Smoking Among the Eritrean Community in Kampala, Uganda
(International Health Sciences University, 2013-09) Mussie, Ghirmay Ghebreweldi
The purpose of this study was to investigate the knowledge of health risks, attitudes and practices of water pipe smoking among the Eritrean community in Kampala. The specific objectives of the study were: (i) determining the prevalence of water pipe smoking among the Eritrean community in Kampala, (ii) determining the level of knowledge of water pipe smoking health risks among the Eritrean community in Kampala, (iii) establishing the attitudes towards water pipe smoking among the Eritrean community in Kampala, and (iv) examining the practices of water pipe smoking among the Eritrean community in Kampala. A quantitative approach and a cross-sectional survey design were chosen to address the research problem. Primary data was collected using interviewer-administered questionnaires from a convenient sample of 305 individuals. The data were processed and analyzed using descriptive techniques including frequencies, percentages, and cross tabulation with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS Version 16.0). The results indicated that generally the prevalence of water pipe smoking among the Eritrean community is about 35 percent and is more common among males, adolescents and young adults in colleges and universities. The study also found that most respondents do not have adequate knowledge about the health risks of water pipe smoking. The study also found that most respondents have wrong attitudes, beliefs and perceptions about water pipe smoking. In terms of practice, most respondents have been engaged in WPS for 1 – 6 months, and they do it once in a week, for about 10 – 30 minutes. Based on these findings, the study recommends the following to reverse the trend: including water pipe tobacco under the same regulations as cigarettes, increasing taxes on raw materials used on water pipes and associated raw materials, and banning water pipe smoking particularly in public places. In addition, awareness programs should be organized by government and non-governmental organizations, especially targeting young adults, aimed at sensitizing the public about water pipe smoking hazards and health risks.
The Sexual Needs of School - Going Youths Perinatally Infected with HIV:
(International Health Sciences University, 2013-09) Gwokyalya, Gloria Anne
Purpose of the study This study investigated the sexual needs of school-going youths perinatally infected with HIV. Objectives of the study The objectives of the study were to: explore the sexual needs of school-going youths perinatally infected with HIV, the socio-demographic factors that influence these needs, establish knowledge of sexual needs among these youths and investigate the coping strategies employed in dealing with their sexual needs. Methods The study was conducted through a cross-sectional study design, data was collected through September to early November 2013 using self-administered questionnaires from 339 respondents selected from school-going youths perinatally infected with HIV and utilizing the services of Mildmay Uganda. This sample size was obtained using Taro Yamane‟s formula. The data was analyzed using SPSS and presented in form of literal descriptions, tables, and figures. Results The study established that the biggest percentage (34.8%) of school-going youths perinatally infected with HIV felt accepted by members of the opposite sex; 71.4% desired intimate body contact although 54.9% altogether reported that they had never engaged in intimate body contact; 51.6% had engaged in sexual intercourse, 43% of these having had their first sexual encounter between ages 15-17 years. Majority of the respondents have a moderate sexual desire. 66.1% respondents were in intimate relationships at that time; 90.9% of the study group had intentions of bearing children, and a big percentage (72.9%) were not using any family planning method; 82.9% had plans of getting married. Conclusions and recommendations The study concluded that the sexual needs of school-going youths perinatally infected with HIV are real and need to be addressed. A number of factors play a role in determining these needs and how the youths cope with them. These factors include socio-demographic factors such as; sex, age, level of education, religion and relationship status and the knowledge that the youths have about their sexual needs as obtained from sex education, peers, adults and the media. It is therefore essential that the public and policy makers take advantage of these factors both to help these youths achieve their sexual needs and to minimize risk-taking behavior among them that may only lead to further increase in the prevalence of HIV, posing a health threat to the entire public. This can be achieved through continuous health education using different media including newspapers, magazines, radio and television shows, social networking, to create awareness, and support for these youths where they can fearlessly disclose issues regarding their sexual needs and rights.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use Among Cancer Patients Attending Uganda Cancer Institute.
(International Health Sciences University, 2013-09) Freciah, Ann Langat
The study was carried out in Uganda Cancer Institute to determine the use of Complementary and Alternative medicine among cancer patients. Background: There has been a substantial increase in the use of complementary and alternative therapies among cancer patients. However, considering the lack of evidence to support the efficacy of many of these CAM therapies, the potential for adverse effects, cost considerations, and the trend towards making treatment decisions based on evidence, many medical practitioners entreat caution in the use of CAM. Objective: To assess the use of Complementary and alternative medicine among cancer patients in Uganda Cancer Institute. Methodology: The study employed a descriptive cross sectional design in which quantitative data was collected from 250 patients attending the out-patients clinic at Uganda Cancer Institute. Results: The study revealed that 74.7% of the participants used CAM. Spiritual practices, herbal medicine, natural supplements and vitamins were the main forms of CAM used. There are several reasons why CAM was used. The reasons cited for the use of CAM were to alleviate symptoms, prolong life, improve quality of life, cure the disease and boost immune system. Conclusion: There is a steady increase in the use of CAM among patients with cancer. Spiritual practices, herbal medicine, natural supplements and vitamins were the main CAM remedies being used. Some of the reasons were to; cure the disease, alleviate symptoms, prolong life, boost immunity, and improve quality of life. Recommendation: This should alert all the corresponding sectors to come together and find a way to incorporate CAM into the conventional medicine.
Knowledge of Strategies Used in the Management and Prevention of Postpartum Haemorrhage Among Midwives at Mulago National Referral Hospital.
(International Health Sciences University, 2013-09) Nakubulwa, Sarah
The study examined the knowledge of strategies used in the management and prevention of postpartum hemorrhage among midwives at Mulago National Referral Hospital. The purpose of the study was to assess midwives knowledge of strategies used in prevention and management of postpartum hemorrhage. This was descriptive cross-sectional study design in which quantitative methods were used to collect data. The study population consisted of all midwives currently working in the selected hospital at the time of the study. This population was chosen because midwives were first point of contact for women during labour and normal labors are managed by midwives. The instrument used for data collection was a self-structured questionnaire to suit the purpose of the study. Data collected was analyzed and results presented using descriptive statistics in form of percentages and frequency tables. Findings from the study indicated that majority of the respondents had managed PPH and knew the risk factors and strategies used in prevention and control of PPH. The percentage of participants who knew the strategies used in the prevention and management of PPH indicated high level of knowledge. Among the strategies identified in the prevention and management of PPH include; early cord clamping, bladder emptying, placing the woman in a trendeleburg position, uterine massage after delivery of the placenta and the use of uterotonics with oxytocin being the most commonly used. It was concluded that the midwives in Mulago National Referral Hospital have high level of knowledge of strategies used in the prevention and management of PPH. It is therefore recommended that strategies involved in the prevention and management of PPH are clearly documented and midwives must keep abreast with these strategies and implement them in all health care settings in order to reduce the risk of PPH which is a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is also recommended that identification of risk factors for PPH should occur in an ongoing manner throughout the course of care, refresher courses where nurse-midwives and other health care professional should be trained and retrained on the strategies used in the prevention and management of PPH which should be periodically organized, active management should be offered to all pregnant women, active management is strongly recommended for women with an identified increased risk of postpartum hemorrhage, there should be access to previous obstetrical records and continuing evaluation of risk factors which will help midwives to identify women to whom active management should be recommended and that midwives should endeavor to minimize any existing barriers to the implementation of active management.
Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Feeding Practices of Caretakers with Under Nourished Children Aged 0 - 5 Years at Mulago Hospital Kampala.
(International Health Sciences University, 2013-09) Kihika, Christine N
The purpose of this study was to establish the knowledge and attitudes of Mothers/Caretakers with malnourished children aged 0-5 years towards feeding practices in Mwana Mugimu Unit-Mulago Hospital. In order to achieve this objective, three research objectives were formulated and these included: to determine the level of knowledge of mothers/caretakers with under nourished children towards feeding practices of children 0-5 years in Mwana Mugimu Unit-Mulago Hospital; to assess the attitudes of Mothers/Caretakers with under nourished children towards feeding practices of children 0-5 years in Mwana Mugimu Unit-Mulago Hospital; and to establish the feeding practices of children among Caretakers with under nourished children at Mwana Mugimu Unit-Mulago Hospital. In the literature, different concepts opinions and research findings regarding knowledge and attitudes of mothers and caretakers towards feeding practices are analyzed. This helped to bring about a clear understanding of research concepts and variables. In the research methodology, descriptive cross- sectional design was used; and care takers of children aged 0-5 years attending or admitted to the Mwana Mugimu Unit in Mulago Hospital formed the study population. Using the Fisher's formula, a sample size of 80 was determined and convenient sampling was used to sample respondents. An interviewer administered semistructured questionnaires were used to collect data from respondents and appropriate data collection methods were followed while collecting data. Data was analyzed using frequencies and percentages and this was done with the help of SPSS (16). Quality control measures were attained through validity and reliability of the research instruments. The research findings indicated that 70 % of the mothers and caretakers did not have adequate knowledge about best practices of feeding; 83 % of the caretakers had positive attitudes towards breastfeeding and feeding practices but had not got any information about nutrition and feeding practices for their children; 73% of the mothers/caretakers’ attitude towards their children’s diet was negative. In overall, 86 % of the mothers and caretakers had bad feeding practices towards their children. The study also found out that there is a positive correlation between knowledge and attitude of mothers/caretakers towards feeding practices and their feeding habits (P<0.932** and sig. 0.000; and P<.941** and sig. 0.000 respectively). The study concluded that the level of knowledge of mothers/caretakers of under nourished children is still low; mothers/caretakers have positive attitudes towards breastfeeding and feeding attitudes but have negative attitudes towards healthy diets of their children; majority of the mothers/caretakers exhibit bad practices and habits of feeding to their children; and that there is significant relationship between knowledge and attitudes of mothers/caretakers towards feeding practices. It was therefore recommended that the government agencies should collaborate with other development agencies such as the NGOs, local community members and the media such that mothers can be educated about preferred feeding practices; family planning can be encouraged, food security should be promoted; girl-child education should be promoted; and employment opportunities should be promoted.

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